Describing the Components of Equity Theory and the Role of Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2093 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Describe the components of equity theory and the role of justice Equity theory is a theoretical motivational model managers use to keep employees motivated. According to equity theory, defined by Stacy Adams in the 1960s, employees are motivated when they perceive that they are being fairly treated in comparison to whom they compare themselves to (Hitt, Black Porter 2012; Samson Daft 2012). Equity theory consists of three components (McWilliams Williams 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Describing the Components of Equity Theory and the Role of Justice" essay for you Create order Firstly, inputs are what the employee perceives he or she contributes to the organisation (Pritchard 1969). Inputs can include professional qualifications, experience, and commitment to the organisation (McWilliams Williams 2014). Secondly, outcomes are the returns and rewards based on input that the employee perceives as worthwhile (Pritchard 1969). Outcomes are tangible and visible rewards such as workplace benefits, status or salary (McWilliams Williams 2014). Lastly, referents are those whom the employee subconsciously or consciously compares their outcomes to inputs (O/I) ratio with to determine whether there is a state of equity or inequity (McWilliams Williams 2014; Pritchard 1969). Equity occurs when the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s O/I ratio is perceived to be the same as their referentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s O/I ratio (Pritchard 1969). Many organisations such as Transfield Services commit to creating equal opportunities for all of their employees to promote employee motivatio n, self-development and morale. Conversely, inequity occurs when the employee perceives that their O/I ratio is either higher or lower than their referentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s O/I ratio (Pritchard 1969). To treat employees fairly managers need to make sure decision-making processes and outcomes are transparent and unbiased. Distributive and procedural justice play distinct and important roles in equity theory. Distributive justice is the process of fairly awarding and disciplining employees based on their positive or negative contributions to the organisation (Hitt, Black Porter 2012). Distributive justice is when the distribution of rewards or punishments are un-discriminatory, fair and consistent with former decisions made in similar situations (Hitt, Black, Porter 2012; Samson Daft 2012). In contrast, procedural justice occurs when managers make unbiased and transparent decisions about where and how to distribute rewards or consequences based on employee contributions (Hitt, B lack Porter 2012). Moreover, outcomes are not always perceived to be fair, so by being unbiased and keeping managerial processes and decisions transparent managers can reduce the like-hood that employees will be displeased with the outcome (McWilliams Williams 2014). In summary, to create a positive organisational environment managers should ensure that decisions that will effect employees are fair and transparent. 2.0 Compare and contrast transactional leadership and transformational leadership Transactional leadership and transformational leadership are two distinct leadership styles that are used in different business contexts to produce different results. Transactional leaders manage employee performance by rewarding or taking disciplinary action when employees rise or fall short of performance standards set by management (McWilliams Williams 2014; Bass 1990). Furthermore, transactional leaders attempt to motivate employees to adhere or exceed organisational performance standards by promising rewards or recognition of employee achievement (Bass 1990). Transactional leadership has found to be beneficial in organisations where: intelligence and creativity is not a critical employee trait; employees need to be encouraged to surpass their co-workers (Bryant 2003; Hamstra et al. 2014). However, due to the reactive and uninspiring nature of transactional leadership, management effectiveness may decline over time. Transactional leadership promotes an organisational culture w here employees will only do minimal work required to meet performance standards (Bryant 2003). Furthermore, creative individuals who feel that their potential is being underused may leave the company to work competitors or start up their own company (Bryant 2003). However, the shortcomings of transactional leadership can be overcome by adopting a transformational leadership style. In comparison, transformational leaders encourage employees to transcend self-interests and work for the good of the organisation. Successful transformational leaders have four key characteristics (McWilliams Williams 2014). Firstly, successful transformational leaders are charismatic and can act as an influential role model whom employees can trust and relate to (Bass Avolio, cited in Pillai, Schrisheim Williams 1999). Secondly, transformational leaders generate enthusiasm and motivate employees to go above and beyond organisational performance standards by delegating purposeful and challenging task s (McWilliams Williams 2014). Thirdly, transformational leaders provide employees with intellectual challenges to promote creative thinking and employee innovation (McWilliams Williams 2014). By including employees in organisational decision and strategy making (Arnold Loughlin 2013) and giving employees freedom to pursue personal projects Google is able to stimulate employee creativity and problem solving skills by creating an intellectually stimulating organisational environment. Lastly, transformational leaders provide care, learning opportunities and individual mentoring to promote confidence and self-development among employees (McWilliams Williams 2014). As a result, transactional leadership is the preferred style for promoting creativity and development (Hamstra et al. 2014). Therefore, managers should choose a leadership style based on the organisational core model and on the results they desire for their organisation. 3.0 Discuss the elements and benefits of the balanced scorecard model The balanced scorecard is a managerial control framework that that goes beyond the traditional method of only using the financial state of the organisation to measure organisational success. The balanced scorecard simplifies strategy and decision making by consisting of four different perspectives that provide a comprehensive picture of organisational performance (McWilliams Williams 2014; Kaplan Norton 2007). Firstly, in the customer perspective managers focus on determining how customers perceive the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products and services (Kaplan Norton 1992). Customer perceptions can be measured by surveys, the rate of customer detractions and new customers (Kaplan Norton 1996). Secondly, managers looking from an internal perspective focus on identifying existing and new critical organisational processes and measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of those processes (Kaplan Norton 1996). The most efficient way to measure the quality of critical organisatio nal processes is to compare them to customer expectations or standards (McWilliams Williams 2014). Thirdly, managers looking from an innovation and learning perspective strive to identify where and how improvements can be made within the organisational infrastructure for long-term success (McWilliams Williams 2014; Kaplan Norton 1996). Lastly, looking at things from a financial perspective, managers traditionally use financial analysis tools to determine whether changes that were made based on the innovation and learning, customer and internal perspectives have positively contributed to an improvement in organisational performance (McWilliams Williams 2014; Kaplan Norton 1992). Moreover, there are also many benefits of using the balanced scorecard. The scorecard model (McWilliams Williams 2014) can benefit the automobile industry by improving internal manufacturing processes and increasing the quality of the vehicles by forcing industry managers to consider and measure orga nisational performance all four perspectives. Firstly, the balanced scorecard helps managers set clearly defined strategic goals by helping them clearly define the organisational vision (Kaplan Norton 2007; Kaplan Norton 1992). Secondly, the balanced scorecard enables managers to determine how improvement in one perspective will affect other perspectives in the organisation increasing the probability of long-term organisational success (Bateman Snell 2013). Lastly, the balanced scorecard brings a limited number of elements together in a report, reducing information overload and increasing decision and strategy making efficiency (Kaplan Norton 1992). In summary, by evaluating all four perspectives managers can help ensure the long-term survival of the organisation. 4.0 Explain the difference between ISO 9000 and the Australian Business Excellence Framework ISO 9000 and the Australian Business Excellence Framework (ABEF) are similar in some respects, but both have a different scope and certification/awarding process. ISO 9000 is a collection of international quality assurance standards (ISO 9000 to 9004) defined by the International Organization for Standardization which is an association of 132 international members (McWilliams Williams 2014; Kantner 2000; Johnson 2000). ISO 9000 is a generic quality standard model that can apply to any organisation (Briscoe, Fawcett Todd 2005). Moreover, ISO 9000 standards focus on the quality of organisational processes that are used to manufacture or provide products and services with the goal of increasing customer satisfaction (Johnson 2000; Kantner 2000). Acquiring an ISO certification (Kantner 2000) is increasingly becoming a requirement for medical organisations that manufacture or develop medical products if they want to retain or attract customers such as hospitals and pharmacies. To succ essfully obtain an ISO 9000 certificate organisations must demonstrate to a licensed third party registrar that they are continuously seeking to improve the quality of their internal processes through planning, controlling and documentation (McWilliams Williams 2014; Johnson 2000). Additionally, there are also standards that focus on the quality of management and organisational processes. The ABEF is a business quality framework created to measure management efficiency and increase the competitiveness of Australian organisations. The ABEF criteria is based on twelve core concepts and seven categories that are focused on all aspects of management processes from the efficiency of organisational leadership to the operational effectiveness of the organisation (Hsien Hui Kay Chuan 2002). In contrast to the ISO 9000 third party auditing process, the ABEF provides applicants with the tools needed to perform a self-assessment of their own organisation (Hsien Hui Kay Chuan 2002). The s elf-assessment is conducted by comparing organisational and managerial processes against the ABEF criteria (McWilliams Williams 2014). Organisational and management effectiveness are then reviewed and the collected data is used to deploy solutions to improve future performance (McWilliams Williams 2014). An Australian company responsible for manufacturing aluminium was able to increase profitability while still reducing their impact on the environment by comparing their management and operation effectiveness to the ABEF criteria (Hsien Hui Kay Chuan 2002). In addition, the ABEF distributes yearly awards based on organisational compliance to the ABEF criteria which can bolster positive recognition for excellent business practices (McWilliams Williams 2014). Therefore, maintaining quality managerial and organisational processes is critical for organisational reputation, profitability and growth. List of References Arnold, KA Loughlin, C 2013, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Integrating transformational and participative versus directive leadership theories: examining intellectual stimulation in male and female leaders across three contextsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Leadership Organization Development Journal, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 67-84, doi:10.1108/01437731311289974 Bass, BM 1990, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the visionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Organisational Dynamics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 19-31, doi:10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S Bateman, TS Snell, SA 2013, Management : leading collaborating in a competitive world, 10th edn, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY Briscoe, JA, Fawcett, SE Todd, RH 2005, The implementation and impact of ISO 9000 among small manufacturing enterprises, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 309-330, doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00139.x Bryant, SE 2003, The role of transformational and transactional leadership in creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 32-44, doi:10.1177/107179190300900403 Hamstra, MRW, Van Yperen, NW, Wisse, B Sassenberg, K 2013, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Transformational and transactional leadership and followersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ achievement goalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Business and Psychology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 413-425, doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9322-9 Hitt, MA, Black, JS Porter, LW 2012, Management, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Hsien Hui, K Kay Chuan, T 2002, Using the australian business excellence framework to achieve sustainable business excellence, Corporate Social Responsibility Environmental Management, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 196-205, doi:10.1002/csr.28 Johnson, PL 2000,ISO 9000 : the year 2000 and beyond, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY Kaplan, RS Norton, DP 1992, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The balanced scorecard measures that drive performanceà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 71-79, viewed 26 May 2015, https://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=PP=ANK=9205181862S=RD=hbsEbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLQ4y9f3OLCmr02eprJSr6m4S6+WxWXSContentCustomer=dGJyMPGvtE+3prBRuePfgeyx43zx Kaplan, RS Norton, DP 1996, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Linking the balanced scorecard to strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, California Management Reviewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 53-79, viewed 26 May 2015, https://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=PP=ANK=9707112887S=RD=buhEbscoContent=dGJyMMvl7ESeqLM4y9f3OLCmr02eqLBSsqm4TLeWxWXSContentCustomer=dGJyMPGvtE+3prBRuePfgeyx43zx Kaplan, RS Norton, DP 2007, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Using the balanced scorecard as a strategic management systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, vol. 85, no. 7-8, pp. 150-161, viewed 26 May 2015, https://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=PP=ANK=25358567S=RD=hbsEbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLQ4y9f3OLCmr02eprJSsKy4SrCWxWXSContentCustomer=dGJ yMPGvtE+3prBRuePfgeyx43zx Kantner, R 2000, The ISO 9000 answer book, 2nd edn, John Wiley Sons, New York, NY McWilliams, A Williams, C 2014, MGMT, 3rd edn, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne, Victoria Pillai, R, Schriesheim, CA Williams, ES 1999, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: a two-sample studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Business, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 897-933, doi:10.1177/014920639902500606 Pritchard, RD 1969, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Equity theory: a review and critiqueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 176-211, viewed 2 June 2015, https://ac.els-cdn.com/0030507369900051/1-s2.0-0030507369900051-main.pdf?_tid=b708027e-08f8-11e5-9552-00000aab0f01acdnat=1433230182_eb0bbbafc1012477b5eb6574cd9e4e6b Samson, D Daft, RL 2012, Management, 4th edn, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne, Victoria

Critique Of An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge - 882 Words

Critique of â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† Summary of Major Ideas In â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,† Ambrose Bierce tells the story of Peyton Farquhar, a man who is about to be hanged for aiding the Confederacy during the Civil War. In the moments before his hanging, he reminisces about scheming to set a bridge on fire in order to prohibit the advancement of Union soldiers, which is why he is being hanged. Peyton then begins plotting his escape and the reader is tricked into thinking he escapes his execution and makes it safely to his house, when in reality he is actually hanged. Critical Evaluation First, Bierce effectively portrays imagery through his thorough description of the setting at Owl Creek Bridge. He starts by describing a man standing on a railroad bridge, gazing into the water several feet below with his hands tied and a rope around his neck. This really gives the reader the view and the physical feeling from the man’s perspective. Bierce also explains the various positions of the soldiers on the bridge and how their stances would have looked. For example he writes, â€Å"A sentinel at each end of the bridge stood with his rifle in the position known as ‘support,’ that is to say, vertical in front of the left shoulder, the hammer resting on the forearm thrown straight across the chest—a formal and unnatural position, enforcing an erect carriage of the body† (Bierce, â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, 183). As a soldier in the Union Army, Bierce could

Problems Of Adolescence Essay Example For Students

Problems Of Adolescence Essay Adolescence EssayAn adolescence is period of physical and psychological development from the onset of puberty to maturity. The adolescent is no longer a child, but they havent reached adulthood yet. Adolescence is considered people between the ages of 13 and 21. Puberty is the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction. Puberty is important to adolescence because when a child hits puberty, thats when the child is becoming an adolescent. Puberty is a big part of an adolescents life. Adolescence is not cultural universal. In some societies, young children go straight from childhood to the adult life once they have done the necessary puberty rites. Puberty rites are formal ceremonies that mark the entrance of young people into the adult life. People at the age of 13 to 14 that completed these puberty rites can become accepted into the adult society. Three factors are important in the development of adolescence as a distinct stage of the life cycle. The first factor is education. Young children are required to spend many years in school and state laws make education mandatory up to the age of 16. The second factor that separates young people in a different type of group is the exclusion of youth from the labor force. In many states, child labor laws keep people from going to the labor force until they hit the age of 16. Adolescents usually work part time while still going to school. The third factor is the rise of adolescence as a distinct stage of the life cycle is the development of the juvenile justice system. Our society has in effect created a separate legal status for young people, by distinguishing between juvenile and adult offenders. There are five characteristics that all adolescents have. These characteristics are biological growth and development, an undefined status, increased decision-making, increased pressures, and the search for self. The brain and the endocrine system control biological growth and development. During the early stages of adolescence, individuals experience growth in height and weight, changes in the body, the development of sexual characteristics, and skin problems. For example, I started getting curves in my body when I hit puberty. My body started to develop changes. Our societys expectations for children and adults are clear, but for the adolescent, expectations are inexplicit. Some adolescents are treated like children, but some are treated like adults. There is an undefined status. For example, my parents pay for my lunch, but I have to have a job so I can support myself. Adults usually make most of the decisions for young children, but adolescents must make many decisions on their own. For example, when I was a child, my mother would choose what I would wear for school and what was in my lunch box. But now, I have to choose what I will wear, what I will eat, what kind of job I want to have and many more different decisions. Adolescents are faced with a lot of pressure from many different people. They get put under pressure from their parents to their peers. They also get pressure from school but the most pressure adolescents receive is from their own peers. Adolescents wants to be accepted and be liked their friends. They want to do what everyone else is doing, no matter how much they might not want too. For example, I was always pressured from my parents because they didnt want me to become a bad child like my older sister. They didnt let me go out or do anything with my friends, but my friends would pressure me to sneak out and do wrong things. I was getting pulled back and forth with a lot of pressure. .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .postImageUrl , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:hover , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:visited , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:active { border:0!important; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:active , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Killer Angels Analysis EssayAnother example of pressure that adolescents face is an example from the show American High. Kiwi is the kicker of the football team. He stated that he has a lot of fear when he has to kick and thats due to the pressure that he gets because it is important if he makes the kick or not. Adolescents are old enough to think about themselves and they are old enough to know what they want to do. Adolescents are in the search for themselves. They figure out what kind of

Swimming Essay Example For Students

Swimming Essay The sun sleeps as the desolate city streets await the morning rush hour. Driven by an inexplicable compulsion, I enter the building along with ten other swimmers, inching my way toward the cold, dark locker room of the Esplanada Park Pool. One by one, we slip into our still-damp drag suits and make a mad dash through the chill of the morning air, stopping only to grab pull-buoys and kickboards on our way to the pool. Nighttime temperatures in coastal California dip into the high forties, but our pool is artificially warmed to seventy-nine degrees; the temperature differential propels an eerie column of steam up from the waters surface, producing the spooky ambience of a werewolf movie. Next comes the shock. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Headfirst immersion into the tepid water sends our hearts racing, and we respond with a quick set of warm-up laps. As we finish, our coach emerges from the fog. He offers no friendly accolades, just a rigid regimen of sets, intervals, and exhortations. Thus starts another workout. 4,500 yards to go, then a quick shower and a five-minute drive to school. Then its back to the pool; the afternoon training schedule features an additional 5,500 yards. Tomorrow, we start over again. The objective is to cut our times by another tenth of a second. The end goal is to achieve that tiny, unexplainable difference at the end of a race that separates success from failure, greatness from mediocrity. Somehow we accept the pitchotherwise, wed still be deep in our mattresses, slumbering beneath our blankets. In this sport, the antagonist is time. Coaches spend hours in specialized clinics, analyze the latest research on training technique, and experiment with workout schedules in an attempt to defeat time. Yet there are no shortcuts to winning, and workouts are agonizing. I took part in my first Swimming Essay race when I was ten years old. My parents, fearing injury, directed my athletic interests away from ice hockey and into the pool. Three weeks into my new swimming endeavor, I somehow persuaded my coach to let me enter the annual age group meet. To his surprise (and mine), I pulled out an A time. I furthered my achievements by winning Top 16 awards for various age groups, setting club records, and being named National First Team All-American in the 100-Butterfly and Second Team All-American in the 200-Medley. I have since been elevated to the Senior Championship level, which means the competition now includes world-class swimmers. I am aware that making finals will not be easy from hereat this level, success is measured by mere tenths of a second. In addition, each new level brings extra requirements such as elevated weight training, longer weekend training sessions, and more travel from home. Time with friends is increasingly spent in the pursuit of the next swimming objective. Sometimes, in the solitude of the laps, my thoughts transition to events in my personal life. This year, my grandmother suffered a reoccurrence of cancer, which has spread to her lungs. She had always been driven by good spirits and independence, but suddenly my family had to accept the fact that she now faces a limited timeline. A few weeks later, on the other side of the Pacific Ocean, my grandfatherwho lives in Japanlearned he had stomach cancer. He has since undergone successful surgery, but we are aware that a full recovery is not guaranteed. When I first learned that they were both struck with cancer, I felt as if my own objective, to cut my times by fractions of a second, seemed irrelevant, even ironic, given the urgency of their mutual goals: to prolong life itself. Yet we have learned to draw on each others strengths for supporttheir fortitude helps me overcome my struggles while my swimming achievements provide them with a vicarious sense of victory. When I share my latest award or triumph story, they smile with pride, as if they themselves had stood on the award stand. .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .postImageUrl , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:hover , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:visited , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:active { border:0!important; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:active , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetic Diversity In Agriculture Essay I have the impression that I would have to be a grandparent to understand what my medals mean to them. My grandparents strength has also shored up my determination to succeed. I have learned that, as in swimming, lifes successes often come in . Swimming Essay Example For Students Swimming Essay Swimming Essay is a competitive and recreational activity consisting of various motions that propel the body through the water. Swimming is considered by most experts to be one of the best forms of physical exercise. When practiced properly the activity utilizes most of the bodys muscles and is an excellent conditioner for the cardiovascular system. Much of the wear and tear on the human body that is sometimes associated with land sports, such as running, is reduced in swimming because of the bodys buoyancy in water. Physical rehabil-itation therapy involving swimming is not uncommon. International competition in swimmingas well as in its sister activity, DIVINGis governed by the Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA). Swimming has been part of the Olympics since its modern-day inception in 1896. A variety of strokes is used in swimming, each requiring different motions. Each also varies in the physical demand placed on the swimmer and degree of speed and efficiency offered. Crawl. The crawl is not an official FINA-recognized stroke; in events where the contestants are allowed to swim freestyle, the crawl is universally used. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The stroke, which is performed chest-down in the water, involves carrying one arm forward out of the water to nearly full extension, while the other arm is below the surface making a pulling movement that propels the body through the water. The flutter kick is used to add some forward thrust, but it serves mainly as a stabilizing motion. Breathing is accomplished by turning the head to one side or the other and inhaling, then turning the head so that the face is immersed and exhaling the spent air. The breathing is repeated at regular intervals in accord with the pace of the stroke. Backstroke. The backstroke is similar to the crawl but is performed on the back and without the crawls breathing requirement. One arm is carried over the head out of the water to prepare for the next stroke, while the arm in the water completes the forward-pulling motion. The flutter kick is used, as in the crawl. Bibliography: . Swimming Essay Example For Students Swimming Essay Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things Ive ever had to do was learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that Swimming Essay was an important skill that I should learn. I also thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically stronger. What I didnt realize was that learning to swim would also make me a more confident person. New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didnt seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We got into the pool, and the teacher had us put on brightly colored water wings to help us stay afloat. One of the other students, May, had already taken the beginning class once before, so she took a kickboard and went splashing off by herself. The other student, Jerry, and I were told to hold on to the side of the pool and shown how to kick for the breaststroke. One by one, the teacher had us hold on to a kickboard while she pulled it through the water and we kicked. Pretty soon Jerry was off doing this by himself, traveling at a fast clip across the short end of the pool. Things were not quite that easy for me, but the teacher was very patient. After a few more weeks, when I seemed to have caught on with my legs, she taught me the arm strokes. Now I had two things to concentrate on, my arms and my legs. I felt hopelessly uncoordinated. Sooner than I imagined, however, things began to feel ;right; and I was able to swim! It was a wonderful free feeling like flying, maybe to be able to shoot across the water. Learning to swim was not easy for me, but in the end my persistence paid off. Not only did I learn how to swim and to conquer my fear of the water, but I also learned something about learning. Now when I am faced with a new situation I am not so nervous. I may feel uncomfortable to begin with, but I know that as I practice being in that situation and as my skills get better; I will feel more and more comfortable. It is a wonderful, free feeling when you achieve a goal you have set for yourself. . Swimming Essay Example For Students Swimming Essay Swimming Essay Swimming is the act of moving through the water by using the arms, legs, and body in motions called strokes. The most common strokes are the crawl, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, and sidestroke. Some scientists believe that human beings are born with an instinctive ability to use their arms and legs to stay afloat. That instinct, however, disappears within a few months after birth. Later in life many children and adults learn to swim in order to be safe around the water, to have fun, and to participate in competition. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Most people learn to swim by imitating others, most often their parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. Most youngsters in also take lessons at swim clubs, community centers, schools, and recreational facilities. In addition, the American Swim Coaches Association (ASCA) and the American Red Cross sponsor programs that teach children about water safety. Instructors teach students skills that will make them safe, efficient, and confident swimmers. Beginners first put their heads in the water and blow bubbles by exhaling. Gradually, students progress to floating, treading water, and ultimately, learning the techniques of the major strokes. Individuals should not swim in conditions that their ability and experience will not allow them to handle. For inexperienced recreational swimmers, many safety hazards exist, even in a pool. These hazards include misjudging a dive and hitting ones head on the bottom, holding ones breath too long, becoming exhausted, and experiencing sudden cramps while too far from shore or other swimmers. The history of swimming dates back thousands of years. One of the earliest representations of swimming is an ancient Egyptian wall relief that shows soldiers of Pharaoh Ramses II. Swimming was very important in ancient Greece and Rome, especially as a form of training for warriors. In Japan, competitions were held as early as the 1st century BC. In Europe, swimming was less popular during the Middle Ages, swimming didnt pick up until the 19th century. In the late 19th century amateur swimming clubs began conducting competitions in the United States and Britain. In the United States, colleges and universities such as Yale University, Indiana University, and the University of Southern California played an important role in spreading interest in swimming as a competitive sport. In 1875 Matthew Webb of Great Britain became the first person to swim across the English Channel. Webb swam between Dover, England, and the coast of France near Calais, where the channel is more than 20 mi in width. By 1896 swimming had become well established. It was one of the sports at the first modern Olympic Games, held that year in Athens, Greece. Despite the popularity of swimming as a whole, the use of performance-enhancing drugs has cast a shadow over some of the individual accomplishments in the sport. Some athletes were even secretly given drugs, without their knowledge, their coaches. Many of these athletes later suffered major health problems. . Swimming Essay Example For Students Swimming Essay This Essay will illustrate some of the basic aspects of scuba diving. It will show the steps involved in assembling the scuba gear. The price range of scuba gear. The basic principles of diving, and were to go to get certified in scuba diving. It will also reveal some fun things that can be done while diving . The assembly of the scuba gear is very simple. First have your tank filled to the recommended amount of pressure (usually 3000 psi). Take the tank with the valve handle to the right, and set it in front of you. Next take the Buoyancy Compensator (B.C.) and attach it to the tank by putting the straps around the tank and tightening them. After the tank is secure, check to make sure that the Oring on the valve of the tank is in place and in good condition. loosen the first stage of the regulator and place it over the valve of the tank. Then tighten the first stage securely, but not overly tight. Attach your octopus to the B.C. Then Pick up the pressure gauge and point it away from the body, and others. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Turn the handle on the tank, to supply the regulator and gauges with air pressure. The gauges are pointed away from the body to avoid injury if the gauge were to malfunction. Listen for any leaks, and read the gauge and make sure that it is some what close to the pressure that was put in to the tank. Last you need to inflate the B.C.,and purge the regulator to make sure that they work properly. The gear is now ready to be used. Scuba gear is very affordable. Scuba gear can be purchased new for as little as $299. For $299 you can get a regulator, B.C., and a pressure gauge, this is the bare minimum of what you need(Divers unlimited). Next up is $499, for this amount you get all above plus a depth gauge, and for $589 you also get a octopus(Divers Unlimited). There are many other setups you can purchase for around the same amount, and more. I found Divers unlimited to have the best over all prices. There are many places to get certified in scuba diving, but there are also many things to consider. First, there is the price, usually from $150 for a basic course up to $400 for a private course. The $150 course offered at BB Aquatic Adventures, Inc. consists of Three to 4 class sessions and two to 3 pool sessions. It also includes 4 ocean dives. The $400 course offered at Urge 2 Submerge can be completed in as little as four days, and is worked completely around your schedule. It consist of 9 hours of class room study and 9 hours of pool time. It also includes 4 ocean dives. With all of the courses the ocean dives must be completed in pairs of two dives, on 2 separate days. The Scuba gear is suppled with all of the courses with the exception of a mask, fins, snorkel, weight belt, and weights. There are a variety of price between the above that offer various times and days to meet your needs. The one major rule of diving is to always breath. This means never hold your breath. At different depths in the water air is compressed in your lungs. This pressure can cause serious injury if it were to build up in the lungs due to a sudden rise in depth. For every 33 feet in depth the air in your lungs decreases by half. Thus the air in the lungs doubles for every 33 feet that one rises. So if you take a full breath and then rise up in the water with out exhaling, the pressure increases and may explode the lungs. There are many fun things to do while scuba diving. My favorite is to collect tropical fish for my fish tank. Tropical fish are very expensive, but not all that hard to catch. .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .postImageUrl , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:hover , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:visited , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:active { border:0!important; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:active , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: F227 Essay all you need is a net , tickle stick, gloves, and bait bucket. The net should be make out of some kind of transparent plastic with small enough holes so .