Describing the Components of Equity Theory and the Role of Justice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2093 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? 1.0 Describe the components of equity theory and the role of justice Equity theory is a theoretical motivational model managers use to keep employees motivated. According to equity theory, defined by Stacy Adams in the 1960s, employees are motivated when they perceive that they are being fairly treated in comparison to whom they compare themselves to (Hitt, Black Porter 2012; Samson Daft 2012). Equity theory consists of three components (McWilliams Williams 2014). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Describing the Components of Equity Theory and the Role of Justice" essay for you Create order Firstly, inputs are what the employee perceives he or she contributes to the organisation (Pritchard 1969). Inputs can include professional qualifications, experience, and commitment to the organisation (McWilliams Williams 2014). Secondly, outcomes are the returns and rewards based on input that the employee perceives as worthwhile (Pritchard 1969). Outcomes are tangible and visible rewards such as workplace benefits, status or salary (McWilliams Williams 2014). Lastly, referents are those whom the employee subconsciously or consciously compares their outcomes to inputs (O/I) ratio with to determine whether there is a state of equity or inequity (McWilliams Williams 2014; Pritchard 1969). Equity occurs when the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s O/I ratio is perceived to be the same as their referentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s O/I ratio (Pritchard 1969). Many organisations such as Transfield Services commit to creating equal opportunities for all of their employees to promote employee motivatio n, self-development and morale. Conversely, inequity occurs when the employee perceives that their O/I ratio is either higher or lower than their referentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s O/I ratio (Pritchard 1969). To treat employees fairly managers need to make sure decision-making processes and outcomes are transparent and unbiased. Distributive and procedural justice play distinct and important roles in equity theory. Distributive justice is the process of fairly awarding and disciplining employees based on their positive or negative contributions to the organisation (Hitt, Black Porter 2012). Distributive justice is when the distribution of rewards or punishments are un-discriminatory, fair and consistent with former decisions made in similar situations (Hitt, Black, Porter 2012; Samson Daft 2012). In contrast, procedural justice occurs when managers make unbiased and transparent decisions about where and how to distribute rewards or consequences based on employee contributions (Hitt, B lack Porter 2012). Moreover, outcomes are not always perceived to be fair, so by being unbiased and keeping managerial processes and decisions transparent managers can reduce the like-hood that employees will be displeased with the outcome (McWilliams Williams 2014). In summary, to create a positive organisational environment managers should ensure that decisions that will effect employees are fair and transparent. 2.0 Compare and contrast transactional leadership and transformational leadership Transactional leadership and transformational leadership are two distinct leadership styles that are used in different business contexts to produce different results. Transactional leaders manage employee performance by rewarding or taking disciplinary action when employees rise or fall short of performance standards set by management (McWilliams Williams 2014; Bass 1990). Furthermore, transactional leaders attempt to motivate employees to adhere or exceed organisational performance standards by promising rewards or recognition of employee achievement (Bass 1990). Transactional leadership has found to be beneficial in organisations where: intelligence and creativity is not a critical employee trait; employees need to be encouraged to surpass their co-workers (Bryant 2003; Hamstra et al. 2014). However, due to the reactive and uninspiring nature of transactional leadership, management effectiveness may decline over time. Transactional leadership promotes an organisational culture w here employees will only do minimal work required to meet performance standards (Bryant 2003). Furthermore, creative individuals who feel that their potential is being underused may leave the company to work competitors or start up their own company (Bryant 2003). However, the shortcomings of transactional leadership can be overcome by adopting a transformational leadership style. In comparison, transformational leaders encourage employees to transcend self-interests and work for the good of the organisation. Successful transformational leaders have four key characteristics (McWilliams Williams 2014). Firstly, successful transformational leaders are charismatic and can act as an influential role model whom employees can trust and relate to (Bass Avolio, cited in Pillai, Schrisheim Williams 1999). Secondly, transformational leaders generate enthusiasm and motivate employees to go above and beyond organisational performance standards by delegating purposeful and challenging task s (McWilliams Williams 2014). Thirdly, transformational leaders provide employees with intellectual challenges to promote creative thinking and employee innovation (McWilliams Williams 2014). By including employees in organisational decision and strategy making (Arnold Loughlin 2013) and giving employees freedom to pursue personal projects Google is able to stimulate employee creativity and problem solving skills by creating an intellectually stimulating organisational environment. Lastly, transformational leaders provide care, learning opportunities and individual mentoring to promote confidence and self-development among employees (McWilliams Williams 2014). As a result, transactional leadership is the preferred style for promoting creativity and development (Hamstra et al. 2014). Therefore, managers should choose a leadership style based on the organisational core model and on the results they desire for their organisation. 3.0 Discuss the elements and benefits of the balanced scorecard model The balanced scorecard is a managerial control framework that that goes beyond the traditional method of only using the financial state of the organisation to measure organisational success. The balanced scorecard simplifies strategy and decision making by consisting of four different perspectives that provide a comprehensive picture of organisational performance (McWilliams Williams 2014; Kaplan Norton 2007). Firstly, in the customer perspective managers focus on determining how customers perceive the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s products and services (Kaplan Norton 1992). Customer perceptions can be measured by surveys, the rate of customer detractions and new customers (Kaplan Norton 1996). Secondly, managers looking from an internal perspective focus on identifying existing and new critical organisational processes and measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of those processes (Kaplan Norton 1996). The most efficient way to measure the quality of critical organisatio nal processes is to compare them to customer expectations or standards (McWilliams Williams 2014). Thirdly, managers looking from an innovation and learning perspective strive to identify where and how improvements can be made within the organisational infrastructure for long-term success (McWilliams Williams 2014; Kaplan Norton 1996). Lastly, looking at things from a financial perspective, managers traditionally use financial analysis tools to determine whether changes that were made based on the innovation and learning, customer and internal perspectives have positively contributed to an improvement in organisational performance (McWilliams Williams 2014; Kaplan Norton 1992). Moreover, there are also many benefits of using the balanced scorecard. The scorecard model (McWilliams Williams 2014) can benefit the automobile industry by improving internal manufacturing processes and increasing the quality of the vehicles by forcing industry managers to consider and measure orga nisational performance all four perspectives. Firstly, the balanced scorecard helps managers set clearly defined strategic goals by helping them clearly define the organisational vision (Kaplan Norton 2007; Kaplan Norton 1992). Secondly, the balanced scorecard enables managers to determine how improvement in one perspective will affect other perspectives in the organisation increasing the probability of long-term organisational success (Bateman Snell 2013). Lastly, the balanced scorecard brings a limited number of elements together in a report, reducing information overload and increasing decision and strategy making efficiency (Kaplan Norton 1992). In summary, by evaluating all four perspectives managers can help ensure the long-term survival of the organisation. 4.0 Explain the difference between ISO 9000 and the Australian Business Excellence Framework ISO 9000 and the Australian Business Excellence Framework (ABEF) are similar in some respects, but both have a different scope and certification/awarding process. ISO 9000 is a collection of international quality assurance standards (ISO 9000 to 9004) defined by the International Organization for Standardization which is an association of 132 international members (McWilliams Williams 2014; Kantner 2000; Johnson 2000). ISO 9000 is a generic quality standard model that can apply to any organisation (Briscoe, Fawcett Todd 2005). Moreover, ISO 9000 standards focus on the quality of organisational processes that are used to manufacture or provide products and services with the goal of increasing customer satisfaction (Johnson 2000; Kantner 2000). Acquiring an ISO certification (Kantner 2000) is increasingly becoming a requirement for medical organisations that manufacture or develop medical products if they want to retain or attract customers such as hospitals and pharmacies. To succ essfully obtain an ISO 9000 certificate organisations must demonstrate to a licensed third party registrar that they are continuously seeking to improve the quality of their internal processes through planning, controlling and documentation (McWilliams Williams 2014; Johnson 2000). Additionally, there are also standards that focus on the quality of management and organisational processes. The ABEF is a business quality framework created to measure management efficiency and increase the competitiveness of Australian organisations. The ABEF criteria is based on twelve core concepts and seven categories that are focused on all aspects of management processes from the efficiency of organisational leadership to the operational effectiveness of the organisation (Hsien Hui Kay Chuan 2002). In contrast to the ISO 9000 third party auditing process, the ABEF provides applicants with the tools needed to perform a self-assessment of their own organisation (Hsien Hui Kay Chuan 2002). The s elf-assessment is conducted by comparing organisational and managerial processes against the ABEF criteria (McWilliams Williams 2014). Organisational and management effectiveness are then reviewed and the collected data is used to deploy solutions to improve future performance (McWilliams Williams 2014). An Australian company responsible for manufacturing aluminium was able to increase profitability while still reducing their impact on the environment by comparing their management and operation effectiveness to the ABEF criteria (Hsien Hui Kay Chuan 2002). In addition, the ABEF distributes yearly awards based on organisational compliance to the ABEF criteria which can bolster positive recognition for excellent business practices (McWilliams Williams 2014). Therefore, maintaining quality managerial and organisational processes is critical for organisational reputation, profitability and growth. List of References Arnold, KA Loughlin, C 2013, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Integrating transformational and participative versus directive leadership theories: examining intellectual stimulation in male and female leaders across three contextsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Leadership Organization Development Journal, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 67-84, doi:10.1108/01437731311289974 Bass, BM 1990, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the visionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Organisational Dynamics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 19-31, doi:10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S Bateman, TS Snell, SA 2013, Management : leading collaborating in a competitive world, 10th edn, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY Briscoe, JA, Fawcett, SE Todd, RH 2005, The implementation and impact of ISO 9000 among small manufacturing enterprises, Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 309-330, doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00139.x Bryant, SE 2003, The role of transformational and transactional leadership in creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge, Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 32-44, doi:10.1177/107179190300900403 Hamstra, MRW, Van Yperen, NW, Wisse, B Sassenberg, K 2013, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Transformational and transactional leadership and followersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ achievement goalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Business and Psychology, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 413-425, doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9322-9 Hitt, MA, Black, JS Porter, LW 2012, Management, 3rd edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Hsien Hui, K Kay Chuan, T 2002, Using the australian business excellence framework to achieve sustainable business excellence, Corporate Social Responsibility Environmental Management, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 196-205, doi:10.1002/csr.28 Johnson, PL 2000,ISO 9000 : the year 2000 and beyond, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY Kaplan, RS Norton, DP 1992, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The balanced scorecard measures that drive performanceà ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 71-79, viewed 26 May 2015, https://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=PP=ANK=9205181862S=RD=hbsEbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLQ4y9f3OLCmr02eprJSr6m4S6+WxWXSContentCustomer=dGJyMPGvtE+3prBRuePfgeyx43zx Kaplan, RS Norton, DP 1996, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Linking the balanced scorecard to strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, California Management Reviewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 53-79, viewed 26 May 2015, https://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=PP=ANK=9707112887S=RD=buhEbscoContent=dGJyMMvl7ESeqLM4y9f3OLCmr02eqLBSsqm4TLeWxWXSContentCustomer=dGJyMPGvtE+3prBRuePfgeyx43zx Kaplan, RS Norton, DP 2007, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Using the balanced scorecard as a strategic management systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Harvard Business Review, vol. 85, no. 7-8, pp. 150-161, viewed 26 May 2015, https://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=PP=ANK=25358567S=RD=hbsEbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeqLQ4y9f3OLCmr02eprJSsKy4SrCWxWXSContentCustomer=dGJ yMPGvtE+3prBRuePfgeyx43zx Kantner, R 2000, The ISO 9000 answer book, 2nd edn, John Wiley Sons, New York, NY McWilliams, A Williams, C 2014, MGMT, 3rd edn, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne, Victoria Pillai, R, Schriesheim, CA Williams, ES 1999, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fairness perceptions and trust as mediators for transformational and transactional leadership: a two-sample studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Business, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 897-933, doi:10.1177/014920639902500606 Pritchard, RD 1969, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Equity theory: a review and critiqueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 176-211, viewed 2 June 2015, https://ac.els-cdn.com/0030507369900051/1-s2.0-0030507369900051-main.pdf?_tid=b708027e-08f8-11e5-9552-00000aab0f01acdnat=1433230182_eb0bbbafc1012477b5eb6574cd9e4e6b Samson, D Daft, RL 2012, Management, 4th edn, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne, Victoria

Critique Of An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge - 882 Words

Critique of â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† Summary of Major Ideas In â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge,† Ambrose Bierce tells the story of Peyton Farquhar, a man who is about to be hanged for aiding the Confederacy during the Civil War. In the moments before his hanging, he reminisces about scheming to set a bridge on fire in order to prohibit the advancement of Union soldiers, which is why he is being hanged. Peyton then begins plotting his escape and the reader is tricked into thinking he escapes his execution and makes it safely to his house, when in reality he is actually hanged. Critical Evaluation First, Bierce effectively portrays imagery through his thorough description of the setting at Owl Creek Bridge. He starts by describing a man standing on a railroad bridge, gazing into the water several feet below with his hands tied and a rope around his neck. This really gives the reader the view and the physical feeling from the man’s perspective. Bierce also explains the various positions of the soldiers on the bridge and how their stances would have looked. For example he writes, â€Å"A sentinel at each end of the bridge stood with his rifle in the position known as ‘support,’ that is to say, vertical in front of the left shoulder, the hammer resting on the forearm thrown straight across the chest—a formal and unnatural position, enforcing an erect carriage of the body† (Bierce, â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge, 183). As a soldier in the Union Army, Bierce could

Problems Of Adolescence Essay Example For Students

Problems Of Adolescence Essay Adolescence EssayAn adolescence is period of physical and psychological development from the onset of puberty to maturity. The adolescent is no longer a child, but they havent reached adulthood yet. Adolescence is considered people between the ages of 13 and 21. Puberty is the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction. Puberty is important to adolescence because when a child hits puberty, thats when the child is becoming an adolescent. Puberty is a big part of an adolescents life. Adolescence is not cultural universal. In some societies, young children go straight from childhood to the adult life once they have done the necessary puberty rites. Puberty rites are formal ceremonies that mark the entrance of young people into the adult life. People at the age of 13 to 14 that completed these puberty rites can become accepted into the adult society. Three factors are important in the development of adolescence as a distinct stage of the life cycle. The first factor is education. Young children are required to spend many years in school and state laws make education mandatory up to the age of 16. The second factor that separates young people in a different type of group is the exclusion of youth from the labor force. In many states, child labor laws keep people from going to the labor force until they hit the age of 16. Adolescents usually work part time while still going to school. The third factor is the rise of adolescence as a distinct stage of the life cycle is the development of the juvenile justice system. Our society has in effect created a separate legal status for young people, by distinguishing between juvenile and adult offenders. There are five characteristics that all adolescents have. These characteristics are biological growth and development, an undefined status, increased decision-making, increased pressures, and the search for self. The brain and the endocrine system control biological growth and development. During the early stages of adolescence, individuals experience growth in height and weight, changes in the body, the development of sexual characteristics, and skin problems. For example, I started getting curves in my body when I hit puberty. My body started to develop changes. Our societys expectations for children and adults are clear, but for the adolescent, expectations are inexplicit. Some adolescents are treated like children, but some are treated like adults. There is an undefined status. For example, my parents pay for my lunch, but I have to have a job so I can support myself. Adults usually make most of the decisions for young children, but adolescents must make many decisions on their own. For example, when I was a child, my mother would choose what I would wear for school and what was in my lunch box. But now, I have to choose what I will wear, what I will eat, what kind of job I want to have and many more different decisions. Adolescents are faced with a lot of pressure from many different people. They get put under pressure from their parents to their peers. They also get pressure from school but the most pressure adolescents receive is from their own peers. Adolescents wants to be accepted and be liked their friends. They want to do what everyone else is doing, no matter how much they might not want too. For example, I was always pressured from my parents because they didnt want me to become a bad child like my older sister. They didnt let me go out or do anything with my friends, but my friends would pressure me to sneak out and do wrong things. I was getting pulled back and forth with a lot of pressure. .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .postImageUrl , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:hover , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:visited , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:active { border:0!important; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:active , .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80 .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4a869b24c5427bbadc058547bfeae80:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Killer Angels Analysis EssayAnother example of pressure that adolescents face is an example from the show American High. Kiwi is the kicker of the football team. He stated that he has a lot of fear when he has to kick and thats due to the pressure that he gets because it is important if he makes the kick or not. Adolescents are old enough to think about themselves and they are old enough to know what they want to do. Adolescents are in the search for themselves. They figure out what kind of

Swimming Essay Example For Students

Swimming Essay The sun sleeps as the desolate city streets await the morning rush hour. Driven by an inexplicable compulsion, I enter the building along with ten other swimmers, inching my way toward the cold, dark locker room of the Esplanada Park Pool. One by one, we slip into our still-damp drag suits and make a mad dash through the chill of the morning air, stopping only to grab pull-buoys and kickboards on our way to the pool. Nighttime temperatures in coastal California dip into the high forties, but our pool is artificially warmed to seventy-nine degrees; the temperature differential propels an eerie column of steam up from the waters surface, producing the spooky ambience of a werewolf movie. Next comes the shock. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Headfirst immersion into the tepid water sends our hearts racing, and we respond with a quick set of warm-up laps. As we finish, our coach emerges from the fog. He offers no friendly accolades, just a rigid regimen of sets, intervals, and exhortations. Thus starts another workout. 4,500 yards to go, then a quick shower and a five-minute drive to school. Then its back to the pool; the afternoon training schedule features an additional 5,500 yards. Tomorrow, we start over again. The objective is to cut our times by another tenth of a second. The end goal is to achieve that tiny, unexplainable difference at the end of a race that separates success from failure, greatness from mediocrity. Somehow we accept the pitchotherwise, wed still be deep in our mattresses, slumbering beneath our blankets. In this sport, the antagonist is time. Coaches spend hours in specialized clinics, analyze the latest research on training technique, and experiment with workout schedules in an attempt to defeat time. Yet there are no shortcuts to winning, and workouts are agonizing. I took part in my first Swimming Essay race when I was ten years old. My parents, fearing injury, directed my athletic interests away from ice hockey and into the pool. Three weeks into my new swimming endeavor, I somehow persuaded my coach to let me enter the annual age group meet. To his surprise (and mine), I pulled out an A time. I furthered my achievements by winning Top 16 awards for various age groups, setting club records, and being named National First Team All-American in the 100-Butterfly and Second Team All-American in the 200-Medley. I have since been elevated to the Senior Championship level, which means the competition now includes world-class swimmers. I am aware that making finals will not be easy from hereat this level, success is measured by mere tenths of a second. In addition, each new level brings extra requirements such as elevated weight training, longer weekend training sessions, and more travel from home. Time with friends is increasingly spent in the pursuit of the next swimming objective. Sometimes, in the solitude of the laps, my thoughts transition to events in my personal life. This year, my grandmother suffered a reoccurrence of cancer, which has spread to her lungs. She had always been driven by good spirits and independence, but suddenly my family had to accept the fact that she now faces a limited timeline. A few weeks later, on the other side of the Pacific Ocean, my grandfatherwho lives in Japanlearned he had stomach cancer. He has since undergone successful surgery, but we are aware that a full recovery is not guaranteed. When I first learned that they were both struck with cancer, I felt as if my own objective, to cut my times by fractions of a second, seemed irrelevant, even ironic, given the urgency of their mutual goals: to prolong life itself. Yet we have learned to draw on each others strengths for supporttheir fortitude helps me overcome my struggles while my swimming achievements provide them with a vicarious sense of victory. When I share my latest award or triumph story, they smile with pride, as if they themselves had stood on the award stand. .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .postImageUrl , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:hover , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:visited , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:active { border:0!important; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:active , .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72 .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41b4f022f74c3f75da0bc917979dbb72:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetic Diversity In Agriculture Essay I have the impression that I would have to be a grandparent to understand what my medals mean to them. My grandparents strength has also shored up my determination to succeed. I have learned that, as in swimming, lifes successes often come in . Swimming Essay Example For Students Swimming Essay Swimming Essay is a competitive and recreational activity consisting of various motions that propel the body through the water. Swimming is considered by most experts to be one of the best forms of physical exercise. When practiced properly the activity utilizes most of the bodys muscles and is an excellent conditioner for the cardiovascular system. Much of the wear and tear on the human body that is sometimes associated with land sports, such as running, is reduced in swimming because of the bodys buoyancy in water. Physical rehabil-itation therapy involving swimming is not uncommon. International competition in swimmingas well as in its sister activity, DIVINGis governed by the Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur (FINA). Swimming has been part of the Olympics since its modern-day inception in 1896. A variety of strokes is used in swimming, each requiring different motions. Each also varies in the physical demand placed on the swimmer and degree of speed and efficiency offered. Crawl. The crawl is not an official FINA-recognized stroke; in events where the contestants are allowed to swim freestyle, the crawl is universally used. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The stroke, which is performed chest-down in the water, involves carrying one arm forward out of the water to nearly full extension, while the other arm is below the surface making a pulling movement that propels the body through the water. The flutter kick is used to add some forward thrust, but it serves mainly as a stabilizing motion. Breathing is accomplished by turning the head to one side or the other and inhaling, then turning the head so that the face is immersed and exhaling the spent air. The breathing is repeated at regular intervals in accord with the pace of the stroke. Backstroke. The backstroke is similar to the crawl but is performed on the back and without the crawls breathing requirement. One arm is carried over the head out of the water to prepare for the next stroke, while the arm in the water completes the forward-pulling motion. The flutter kick is used, as in the crawl. Bibliography: . Swimming Essay Example For Students Swimming Essay Learning something new can be a scary experience. One of the hardest things Ive ever had to do was learn how to swim. I was always afraid of the water, but I decided that Swimming Essay was an important skill that I should learn. I also thought it would be good exercise and help me to become physically stronger. What I didnt realize was that learning to swim would also make me a more confident person. New situations always make me a bit nervous, and my first swimming lesson was no exception. After I changed into my bathing suit in the locker room, I stood timidly by the side of the pool waiting for the teacher and other students to show up. After a couple of minutes the teacher came over. She smiled and introduced herself, and two more students joined us. Although they were both older than me, they didnt seem to be embarrassed about not knowing how to swim. I began to feel more at ease. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We got into the pool, and the teacher had us put on brightly colored water wings to help us stay afloat. One of the other students, May, had already taken the beginning class once before, so she took a kickboard and went splashing off by herself. The other student, Jerry, and I were told to hold on to the side of the pool and shown how to kick for the breaststroke. One by one, the teacher had us hold on to a kickboard while she pulled it through the water and we kicked. Pretty soon Jerry was off doing this by himself, traveling at a fast clip across the short end of the pool. Things were not quite that easy for me, but the teacher was very patient. After a few more weeks, when I seemed to have caught on with my legs, she taught me the arm strokes. Now I had two things to concentrate on, my arms and my legs. I felt hopelessly uncoordinated. Sooner than I imagined, however, things began to feel ;right; and I was able to swim! It was a wonderful free feeling like flying, maybe to be able to shoot across the water. Learning to swim was not easy for me, but in the end my persistence paid off. Not only did I learn how to swim and to conquer my fear of the water, but I also learned something about learning. Now when I am faced with a new situation I am not so nervous. I may feel uncomfortable to begin with, but I know that as I practice being in that situation and as my skills get better; I will feel more and more comfortable. It is a wonderful, free feeling when you achieve a goal you have set for yourself. . Swimming Essay Example For Students Swimming Essay Swimming Essay Swimming is the act of moving through the water by using the arms, legs, and body in motions called strokes. The most common strokes are the crawl, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly, and sidestroke. Some scientists believe that human beings are born with an instinctive ability to use their arms and legs to stay afloat. That instinct, however, disappears within a few months after birth. Later in life many children and adults learn to swim in order to be safe around the water, to have fun, and to participate in competition. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Most people learn to swim by imitating others, most often their parents, brothers, sisters, and friends. Most youngsters in also take lessons at swim clubs, community centers, schools, and recreational facilities. In addition, the American Swim Coaches Association (ASCA) and the American Red Cross sponsor programs that teach children about water safety. Instructors teach students skills that will make them safe, efficient, and confident swimmers. Beginners first put their heads in the water and blow bubbles by exhaling. Gradually, students progress to floating, treading water, and ultimately, learning the techniques of the major strokes. Individuals should not swim in conditions that their ability and experience will not allow them to handle. For inexperienced recreational swimmers, many safety hazards exist, even in a pool. These hazards include misjudging a dive and hitting ones head on the bottom, holding ones breath too long, becoming exhausted, and experiencing sudden cramps while too far from shore or other swimmers. The history of swimming dates back thousands of years. One of the earliest representations of swimming is an ancient Egyptian wall relief that shows soldiers of Pharaoh Ramses II. Swimming was very important in ancient Greece and Rome, especially as a form of training for warriors. In Japan, competitions were held as early as the 1st century BC. In Europe, swimming was less popular during the Middle Ages, swimming didnt pick up until the 19th century. In the late 19th century amateur swimming clubs began conducting competitions in the United States and Britain. In the United States, colleges and universities such as Yale University, Indiana University, and the University of Southern California played an important role in spreading interest in swimming as a competitive sport. In 1875 Matthew Webb of Great Britain became the first person to swim across the English Channel. Webb swam between Dover, England, and the coast of France near Calais, where the channel is more than 20 mi in width. By 1896 swimming had become well established. It was one of the sports at the first modern Olympic Games, held that year in Athens, Greece. Despite the popularity of swimming as a whole, the use of performance-enhancing drugs has cast a shadow over some of the individual accomplishments in the sport. Some athletes were even secretly given drugs, without their knowledge, their coaches. Many of these athletes later suffered major health problems. . Swimming Essay Example For Students Swimming Essay This Essay will illustrate some of the basic aspects of scuba diving. It will show the steps involved in assembling the scuba gear. The price range of scuba gear. The basic principles of diving, and were to go to get certified in scuba diving. It will also reveal some fun things that can be done while diving . The assembly of the scuba gear is very simple. First have your tank filled to the recommended amount of pressure (usually 3000 psi). Take the tank with the valve handle to the right, and set it in front of you. Next take the Buoyancy Compensator (B.C.) and attach it to the tank by putting the straps around the tank and tightening them. After the tank is secure, check to make sure that the Oring on the valve of the tank is in place and in good condition. loosen the first stage of the regulator and place it over the valve of the tank. Then tighten the first stage securely, but not overly tight. Attach your octopus to the B.C. Then Pick up the pressure gauge and point it away from the body, and others. We will write a custom essay on Swimming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Turn the handle on the tank, to supply the regulator and gauges with air pressure. The gauges are pointed away from the body to avoid injury if the gauge were to malfunction. Listen for any leaks, and read the gauge and make sure that it is some what close to the pressure that was put in to the tank. Last you need to inflate the B.C.,and purge the regulator to make sure that they work properly. The gear is now ready to be used. Scuba gear is very affordable. Scuba gear can be purchased new for as little as $299. For $299 you can get a regulator, B.C., and a pressure gauge, this is the bare minimum of what you need(Divers unlimited). Next up is $499, for this amount you get all above plus a depth gauge, and for $589 you also get a octopus(Divers Unlimited). There are many other setups you can purchase for around the same amount, and more. I found Divers unlimited to have the best over all prices. There are many places to get certified in scuba diving, but there are also many things to consider. First, there is the price, usually from $150 for a basic course up to $400 for a private course. The $150 course offered at BB Aquatic Adventures, Inc. consists of Three to 4 class sessions and two to 3 pool sessions. It also includes 4 ocean dives. The $400 course offered at Urge 2 Submerge can be completed in as little as four days, and is worked completely around your schedule. It consist of 9 hours of class room study and 9 hours of pool time. It also includes 4 ocean dives. With all of the courses the ocean dives must be completed in pairs of two dives, on 2 separate days. The Scuba gear is suppled with all of the courses with the exception of a mask, fins, snorkel, weight belt, and weights. There are a variety of price between the above that offer various times and days to meet your needs. The one major rule of diving is to always breath. This means never hold your breath. At different depths in the water air is compressed in your lungs. This pressure can cause serious injury if it were to build up in the lungs due to a sudden rise in depth. For every 33 feet in depth the air in your lungs decreases by half. Thus the air in the lungs doubles for every 33 feet that one rises. So if you take a full breath and then rise up in the water with out exhaling, the pressure increases and may explode the lungs. There are many fun things to do while scuba diving. My favorite is to collect tropical fish for my fish tank. Tropical fish are very expensive, but not all that hard to catch. .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .postImageUrl , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:hover , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:visited , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:active { border:0!important; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:active , .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515 .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4d1ec2e1637c829cdb1f74ab5c775515:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: F227 Essay all you need is a net , tickle stick, gloves, and bait bucket. The net should be make out of some kind of transparent plastic with small enough holes so .

Gangs in Prison Essay Example

Gangs in Prison Paper Gangs in Prison The Aryan Brotherhood The Aryan Brotherhood originates in the CDC (California Department of Corrections) and BOP (Federal Bureau of Prisons). The Aryan Brotherhood was founded in San Quentin, California in the 1960s. The founders were members of other gangs from the 1950s called, â€Å"Bluebirds†, â€Å"Diamond Tooth Gang†, and the â€Å"Nazi Gang†. Barry Mills and Tyler Davis are now the leaders of the Aryan Brotherhood. Their basic beliefs and mission is they believe in the betterment and preservation of the white race, in separatism, that no foreigner should rule over the white race, that all who are against or oppress the white race are sworn enemies, in the rights of the white race, in the right to teach white children of the Aryan cultures and heritage, believe only in the support of the white race, and that it is important to guide the upbringing of white children, as they are the heirs to the future. The Aryan Brotherhood is known to be strongest in the southwest and pacific regions. We will write a custom essay sample on Gangs in Prison specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Gangs in Prison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Gangs in Prison specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are weakest in northeastern regions, where the African-American population is more dominant. It has been stated that the Aryan Brotherhood is growing. As of now, there are approximately 500 members. The criminal activities that they are involved in are murder, kidnapping, racketeering, and drug distribution. At least one example of how dangerous it is in prison for these members is the ABT leader Kelly Ray Ellery and other members ordered subordinates to kill a prospective member and make it â€Å"messy as possible† to send a message to gang members to cooperate with law enforcement. They also ordered to return the man’s severed finger as a trophy. The Black Guerilla Family The Black Guerilla family originated from San Quentin Prison in 1966. The founders of this gang are George Jackson and W. L. Nolen. Their basic beliefs and mission is to eradicate racism, maintain dignity in prison and overthrow the United States Government. They are strongest in San Quentin, CA and Baltimore, Maryland. They are weakest in the southwestern and Pacific regions. Their ranks are growing, they have 50,000 members today. The criminal activities they are involved in while in prison are drug trafficking, extortion, and violent crimes. One example of how dangerous it can be in prison is the supreme commander, â€Å"Doc† Holiday, proved he still had what it takes to be in the Black Guerilla Family by stabbing a random fellow prisoner to death. The Folk Nation The Folk Nation originated from the Illinois Department of Corrections. I would also like to note that The Folk Nation is not a gang- they are alliances which gangs are aligned. Larry Hoover, the chairman of the Gangster Disciples Nation, created the idea of alliance and persuaded black, white, and Latino gangs from Chicago to join. He did all of this in November 11, 1978. Under their basic beliefs and missions, they maintain a strict code of solidarity, with members promising to hold â€Å"Folk before family† and claiming they will â€Å"not let my brother fall to a knee†. They are strongest in the Midwest and southwest; there is no record of where they could possibly be the weakest, because they are all over the United States. They are continuously recruiting members in the streets and in prisons, therefore stating that they are very dominant and only getting stronger. The criminal activities they are commonly involved in are racketeering, murder, robbery, assault, and illegal use of firearms. The Mexican Mafia The Mexican Mafia originated in 1957 at Deuel Vocational Institution in Tracy, California. Luis â€Å"Huero Buff† Flores from the Hawaiian Gardens gang was the founder of The Mexican Mafia. Their basic beliefs were to control the prison system. They are strongest in northern and southern California, but they are in a decline right now. The most obvious of criminal activities of The Mexican Mafia are extortion (RICO), narcotics distribution, and murder. An example of the danger in the prison system from the Mexican Mafia is in the 1960’s, the Mexican Mafia conducted hits in San Quentin and DVI. Doroteo â€Å"Sleepy† Betancourt and Frank â€Å"moose† Bazure murdered a correctional officer; just to prove their existence. MS13 The MS13 gang originated in Los Angeles in the 1960’s and the 1980’s. They didn’t actually have just one founder; it was a group of young Salvadorans that broke off from other Hispanic gangs. Their basic beliefs are self-protection and protection of their families. They are strongest in Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Oregon, Rhode Island, Texas, and Utah; they are also strong in Canada, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and El Salvador. They are weakest in the East coast. They are neither growing or in decline, because they no longer exist; they are known now as the Surenos. Their criminal activities consists of drug smuggling, gun running, people smuggling, hits for hire, theft, drug sales, and arson. An example to illustrate how dangerous they are is in a recent Texas incident, a member of MS13(Surenos) participated in a gang rape of a 24-year-old woman and then he kicked her in the neck so hard that he broke it and killed her instantly. In conclusion, I noticed that they all had similarities in criminal activity. All of their beliefs were very different except for one thing, they all focused more on their own races of people. I also noticed that all but the Mexican Mafia are growing in population. I also realized that the strongest and most dangerous gang in the world is MS13 aka Surenos. Although the other prison gangs are growing in threat level and population; MS13 aka Surenos is the largest organized crime entity in the world. Therefore, in conclusion, these prison gangs actually have a lot more in common than what they think they do. The only thing that is really separating them is their racial beliefs. References: History of the Mexican Mafia prison gang; July 25th, 2007; Valdemar, Richard; www. policemag. com Ten members of Bronx drug trafficking crew charged; Jan. 9th, 2013; U. S. Attorney’s office; www. fbi. gov The Aryan Brotherhood; Montaldo, Charles; Jan. 2013; www. crime. about. com Ebook: Corrections Today; Chapter 8 The Prison Experience(males)

Free Essays on Tawas Michigan

I chose the city of Tawas/East Tawas for my Michigan history project. Tawas has a personal touch to it because it is my summer home. My family owns two cottages in Tawas right on Lake Huron. Tawas is about and hour and fifteen minutes from Saginaw. Tawas is a part of Iosco County. Between the Huron National Forest and the blue-green waters of Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay lie the peaceful twin cities of Tawas City/East Tawas. For the most part Tawas is a very touristy city. There are hiking, skiing, and snowmobile trials throughout the town that attract tourists. Also there are many other hot fishing spots located along the towns waterside edge on Lake Huron. There are many in land lakes located in the city of Tawas that offer great fishing. Perchville is their annual event to celebrate ice fishing; this year will be their 52nd. There are always festivals and craft and antique shows going on as well. The origin of Tawas’s name comes from a Native American word meaning â€Å"water of light.† Tawas is also known as â€Å"The sunrise side.† There is an Indian museum located in Tawas that tells the history of the Native Americans that lived in the area. Prior to the arrival of the European trappers and settlers, this area of Michigan was sparsely populated by Native Americans. The Chippewa tribe had been living here since around 1525, but their main settlements were not in this area of the state. The land was covered with rich pine and hardwood forests and populated with an abundance of wildlife. The rivers and lakes were teeming with fish. White fish, grayling, sturgeon, and herring were so plentiful that the local Native Americans easily maintained large stocks of dried fish for food and for use as trade goods. Although some aspects of their life might have seemed rather idyllic, it must also be remembered that other tribes (notably the Iroquois) often made ra ids into this part of the Great Lakes and warred with the Chippewa and H... Free Essays on Tawas Michigan Free Essays on Tawas Michigan I chose the city of Tawas/East Tawas for my Michigan history project. Tawas has a personal touch to it because it is my summer home. My family owns two cottages in Tawas right on Lake Huron. Tawas is about and hour and fifteen minutes from Saginaw. Tawas is a part of Iosco County. Between the Huron National Forest and the blue-green waters of Lake Huron and Saginaw Bay lie the peaceful twin cities of Tawas City/East Tawas. For the most part Tawas is a very touristy city. There are hiking, skiing, and snowmobile trials throughout the town that attract tourists. Also there are many other hot fishing spots located along the towns waterside edge on Lake Huron. There are many in land lakes located in the city of Tawas that offer great fishing. Perchville is their annual event to celebrate ice fishing; this year will be their 52nd. There are always festivals and craft and antique shows going on as well. The origin of Tawas’s name comes from a Native American word meaning â€Å"water of light.† Tawas is also known as â€Å"The sunrise side.† There is an Indian museum located in Tawas that tells the history of the Native Americans that lived in the area. Prior to the arrival of the European trappers and settlers, this area of Michigan was sparsely populated by Native Americans. The Chippewa tribe had been living here since around 1525, but their main settlements were not in this area of the state. The land was covered with rich pine and hardwood forests and populated with an abundance of wildlife. The rivers and lakes were teeming with fish. White fish, grayling, sturgeon, and herring were so plentiful that the local Native Americans easily maintained large stocks of dried fish for food and for use as trade goods. Although some aspects of their life might have seemed rather idyllic, it must also be remembered that other tribes (notably the Iroquois) often made ra ids into this part of the Great Lakes and warred with the Chippewa and H...

Ancient Chinese Contributons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ancient Chinese Contributons - Essay Example The top ten ancient Chinese invention and include paper, money, iron and bronze, gunpowder, printing press, umbrellas, clocks, compasses, porcelain, and alcohol (Van et al., 2010). Beginning with a close look at the invention of the clock, we find out that researchers claim the invention of the first clocks was the doing of a man who bore the name of Yi Xing. This man was a Buddhist monk and a mathematician belonging to the Tang Dynasty (618-907). History claims that Yi’s clock operated with water that steadily dripped on a wheel that made a full revolution every twenty-four hours. Prior to Yi’s clock, other inventors later came up with different ideas of creating clocks but still maintained Yi Xing’s clock design. However, an astronomer and mechanist named Su Song of the Song Dynasty (906-1272) years later created a more sophisticated clock that eventually developed into the modern clock. The other crucial invention from ancient China was harvesting silk and usi ng it to make clothes and paper (Van et al., 2010). The oldest silk discovery took place in Henan Province at around 3,630 BC. Silk invention did not only become a vital material for making clothes in China, but it also connected China to the outside world in terms of business. Processing of iron ore was another Chinese invention that dates back to the fifth century (Van et al., 2010). Archeological evidence confirms that iron makers used pig iron to make iron but later on advanced to steel melting. The first well-known Chinese metallurgist in ancient China bore the name of Qiwu Huaiwen of the northern Dynasty; he invented a more advanced process of making iron by using wrought and cast iron to make steel. Compass also tops the list of crucial Chinese inventions and contributions (Van et al., 2010). History claims that the ancient Chinese compasses were not specifically for navigation purposes but were rather meant to harmonize buildings and environments in accordance with the princ iples of Feng Shui’s geometrics. In addition, the ancient Chinese also invented Gunpowder in the ninth century (Van et al., 2010). The other common name of gunpowder is black powder, and it is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate. Gunpowder acts as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks because it burns rapidly and generates a large amount of heat and gas. Paper was among crucial inventions made by the ancient Chinese. A man bearing the name of Cai Lun of the eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) was the man to invent the world’s first batch of paper using fishnets, tree bark, and bits of rope and rags, hence placing China in the forefront as a main contributor to the development of human civilization because paper is currently a crucial element in millions of people’s lives. Currency also originated from ancient China. The ancient Chinese did not invent currency instantly but rather used cowry shells as their means of excha nge. These individuals used cowry shells in trade until coins were introduced in around the fifth century (Van et al., 2010). Decades later, the coins advanced to bronze with a square hole and henceforth became a means of exchange all over China as well as in other countries. Porcelain is among the Chinese inventions and contributions whose main application was in the production of home ware and

The Impact of Creative Advertising on Consumer's Attitudes towards Literature review

The Impact of Creative Advertising on Consumer's Attitudes towards High and Low Involvement Products - Literature review Example In order to explain the difference between the high involvement products and low involvement products, an example between toothpaste and laptop is given (Bajaj, 2001). Here tooth paste is the low involvement products, while the laptop is a high involvement product. Both the products are evaluated on the basis of the benefits that can be received from them (Mintzberg and Waters, 2009). Apart from that, a high involvement product costs considerable more than a low end product (Benner and Sandstrom, 2012). Due to this reason the customer looks for differentiating factors in that particular product, which are not present in other products. The customer looks for specific features in the product that justifies the price paid for that product (Morgan and Linda, 2005). In other words the customer wants to achieve greater differentiation within the particular budget earmarked. In case of low involvement product, the products are more or less the same, offering the same benefits and features at the same cost (Bonaccorsi and Daraio, 2009). Thus, the low involvement products are characterized by less products differentiation. So for this reason the customer can reach to a conclusion easily (Robert, James and Jean, 2004). Creativity in advertising Creativity helps to transform thinking which are strategic in nature into ideas. These ideas then enable the advertisers to create effective communication (Samiee and Roth, 2003). There are mainly three different stages in creativity; create, creation and creative. In order to create, the advertisers need to float a new idea that is unique and different from the other ideas. The new idea is linked to the main purpose. It constitutes the... This report stresses that creativity in advertisements creates the difference in the way customers perceives a low involvement product and a high involvement product. The numerous experiments indicate that creativity in advertisement influences the buying pattern of the goods. The effect of creative advertisement is more on high involvement products than the low involvement products. A customer has to factor in different kinds of variables and information while buying a high involvement product. This article makes a conclusion that the involvement of the customer can be eased and the buying process can be fastened up and smoothed if the customer is made well aware of the product and the way it can be differentiated with other brands. By bringing in creativity in the advertisement the advertiser is in reality serving the same proposal although in an innovative way. The idea of doing the same and usual thing in a different way create lasting impression on the mind of the customer. The customer is able to associate with or recall the product for a longer period of time. The closest memory the customer accesses are long term memory where the information regarding the brand is stored. Creativity advertising helps to create that niche space in memory through connecting with the most basic features a customer looks while making a decision. The basic features are attention, perception, emotion, senses, reasoning, though, language as well as assimilation and recognition.

Cyber-Dating and Traditional Dating Methods Essay - 1

Cyber-Dating and Traditional Dating Methods - Essay Example Describing the term dating is vague and ambiguous in today’s world. Marquardt described a variety of definitions for dating in 2001. Dating can be described as â€Å"a fast-moving, highly committed relationship, when two people quickly form a serious and intense bond, spending most of their time together† (Rosenthal 2012). With the advent of computers, social networking sites and a plethora of dating sites available for teenagers and adults, online dating is rapidly becoming the newest trend for 21st-century people. Estimates show that there are 836 dating sites in January 2005 and 40 million Americans visit the online dating sites every month. A survey also showed that 14% of singles who were engaged, married or dating someone met them through online dating services (Rosen et al 2007). Although the differences between online dating and traditional dating are quite divergent, both display a variety of benefits and demerits when compared in various perspectives. The path that a relationship develops between two people is different and the bond created also differs when it comes to online dating and the conventional dating methods. The time taken for a relationship to flourish varies significantly. Online dating begins with email messages, interactions on social networking sites and chatting through the internet. ... Cyber-dating offers an escape from the various stereotypical roles and commitment issues that bound the otherwise conventional methods of traditional forms of dating. The traditional forms of dating mainly propose that a man asks a woman for dating and courtship. However, online dating offers the teenage girls to experiment with their powers within a heterosexual relationship (Nayar 2010). Traditional norms maintain that the woman should wait for the man, however, online dating services and experience lets the girls or women experiment with modern and more assertive relationship experiences. Although internet dating offers quick courtship services, the information and data provided by candidates can sometimes be deceptive. It is easier for people to lie to each other and the appearances can be altered to deceive the other person (Nayar 2010).  Ã‚  

Data Mining or Knowledge Discovery

Data Mining or Knowledge Discovery SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION Data mining is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information. Data mining or knowledge discovery, is the computed assisted process of digging through and analyzing enormous sets of data and then extracting the meaning of data. Data sets of very high dimensionality, such as microarray data, pose great challenges on efficient processing to most existing data mining algorithms. Data management in high dimensional spaces presents complications, such as the degradation of query processing performance, a phenomenon also known as the curse of dimensionality. Dimension Reduction (DR) tackles this problem, by conveniently embedding data from high dimensional to lower dimensional spaces. The dimensional reduction approach gives an optimal solution for the analysis of these high dimensional data. The reduction process is the action of diminishing the variable count to few categories. The reduced variables are new defined variables which are the combinations of either linear or non-linear combinations of variables. The reduction of variables to a clear dimension or categorization is extracted from the unusual dimensions, spaces, classes and variables. Dimensionality reduction is considered as a powerful approach for thinning the high dimensional data. Traditional statistical approaches partly calls off due to the increase in the number of observations mainly due to the increase in the number of variables correlated with each observation. Dimensionality reduction is the transformation of High Dimensional Data (HDD) into a meaningful representation of reduced dimensionality. Principal Pattern Analysis (PPA) is developed which encapsulates feature extraction and feature categorization. Multi-level Mahalanobis-based Dimensionality Reduction (MMDR), which is able to reduce the number of dimensions while keeping the precision high and able to effectively handle large datasets. The goal of this research is to discover the protein fold by considering both the sequential information and the 3D folding of the structural information. In addition, the proposed approach diminishes the error rate, significant rise in the throughput, reduction in missing of items and finally the patterns are classified. THESIS CONTRIBUTIONS AND ORGANIZATION One aspect of the dimensionality reduction requires more studies to find out how the evaluations are performed. Researchers find to finish the evaluation with a sufficient understanding of the reduction techniques so that they can make a decision to use its suitability of the context. The main contribution of the work presented in this research is to diminish the high dimensional data into the optimized category variables also called reduced variables. Some optimization algorithms have been used with the dimensionality reduction technique in order to get the optimized result in the mining process. The optimization algorithm diminishes the noise (any data that has been received, stored or changed in such a manner that it cannot be read or used by the program) in the datasets and the dimensionality reduction diminishes the large data sets to the definable data and after that if the clustering process is applied, the clustering or any mining results will yield the efficient results. The organization of the thesis is as follows: Chapter 2 presents literature review on the dimensionality reduction and protein folding as application of the research. At the end all the reduction technology has been analyzed and discussed. Chapter 3 presents the dimensionality reduction with PCA. In this chapter some hypothesis has been proved and the experimental results has been given for the different dataset and compared with the existing approach. Chapter 4 presents the study of the Principal Pattern Analysis (PPA). It presents the investigation of the PPA with other dimensionality reduction phase. So by the experimental result the obtained PPA shows better performance with other optimization algorithms. Chapter 5 presents the study of PPA with Genetic Algorithm (GA). In this chapter, the procedure for protein folding in GA optimization has been given and the experimental result shows the accuracy and error rate with the datasets. Chapter 6 presents the results and discussion of the proposed methodology. The Experimental results shows that PPA-GA gives better performance compared than the existing approaches. Chapter 7 concludes our research work with the limitation which the analysis has been made from our research and explained about the extension of our research so that how it could be taken to the next level of research. RELATED WORKS (Jiang, et al. 2003) proposed a novel hybrid algorithm combining Genetic Algorithm (GA). It is crucial to know the molecular basis of life for advances in biomedical and agricultural research. Proteins are a diverse class of biomolecules consisting of chains of amino acids by peptide bonds that perform vital functions in all living things. (Zhang, et al. 2007) published a paper about semi supervised dimensionality reduction. Dimensionality reduction is among the keys in mining high dimensional data. In this work, a simple but efficient algorithm called SSDR (Semi Supervised Dimensionality Reduction) was proposed, which can simultaneously preserve the structure of original high dimensional data. (Geng, et al. 2005) proposed a supervised nonlinear dimensionality reduction for visualization and classification. Dimensionality reduction can be performed by keeping only the most important dimensions, i.e. the ones that hold the most useful information for the task at hand, or by projecting the original data into a lower dimensional space that is most expressive for the task. (Verleysen and Franà §ois 2005) recommended a paper about the curse of dimensionality in data mining and time series prediction. The difficulty in analyzing high dimensional data results from the conjunction of two effects. Working with high dimensional data means working with data that are embedded in high dimensional spaces. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is the most traditional tool used for dimension reduction. PCA projects data on a lower dimensional space, choosing axes keeping the maximum of the data initial variance. (Abdi and Williams 2010) proposed a paper about Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA is a multivariate technique that analyzes a data table in which observations are described by several inter-correlated quantitative dependent variables. The goal of PCA are to, Extract the most important information from the data table. Compress the size of the data set by keeping only this important information. Simplify the description of the data set. Analyze the structure of the observations and the variables. In order to achieve these goals, PCA computes new variables called PCA which are obtained as linear combinations of the original variables. (Zou, et al. 2006) proposed a paper about the sparse Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA is widely used in data processing and dimensionality reduction. High dimensional spaces show surprising, counter intuitive geometrical properties that have a large influence on the performances of data analysis tools. (Freitas 2003) proposed a survey of evolutionary algorithms of data mining and knowledge discovery. The use of GAs for attribute selection seems natural. The main reason is that the major source of difficulty in attribute selection is attribute interaction. Then, a simple GA, using conventional crossover and mutation operators, can be used to evolve the population of candidate solutions towards a good attribute subset. Dimension reduction, as the name suggests, is an algorithmic technique for reducing the dimensionality of data. The common approaches to dimensionality reduction fall into two main classes. (Chatpatanasiri and Kijsirikul 2010) proposed a unified semi supervised dimensionality reduction framework for manifold learning. The goal of dimensionality reduction is to diminish complexity of input data while some desired intrinsic information of the data is preserved. (Liu, et al. 2009) proposed a paper about feature selection with dynamic mutual information. Feature selection plays an important role in data mining and pattern recognition, especially for large scale data. Since data mining is capable of identifying new, potential and useful information from datasets, it has been widely used in many areas, such as decision support, pattern recognition and financial forecasts. Feature selection is the process of choosing a subset of the original feature spaces according to discrimination capability to improve the quality of data. Feature reduction refers to the study of methods for reducing the number of dimensions describing data. Its general purpose is to employ fewer features to represent data and reduce computational cost, without deteriorating discriminative capability. (Upadhyay, et al. 2013) proposed a paper about the comparative analysis of various data stream procedures and various dimension reduction techniques. In this research, various data stream mining techniques and dimension reduction techniques have been evaluated on the basis of their usage, application parameters and working mechanism. (Shlens 2005) proposed a tutorial on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA has been called one of the most valuable results from applied linear algebra. The goal of PCA is to compute the most meaningful basis to re-express a noisy data set. (Hoque, et al. 2009) proposed an extended HP model for protein structure prediction. This paper proposed a detailed investigation of a lattice-based HP (Hydrophobic – Hydrophilic) model for ab initio Protein Structure Prediction (PSP). (Borgwardt, et al. 2005) recommended a paper about protein function prediction via graph kernels. Computational approaches to protein function prediction infer protein function by finding proteins with similar sequence. Simulating the molecular and atomic mechanisms that define the function of a protein is beyond the current knowledge of biochemistry and the capacity of available computational power. (Cutello, et al. 2007) suggested an immune algorithm for Protein Structure Prediction (PSP) on lattice models. When cast as an optimization problem, the PSP can be seen as discovering a protein conformation with minimal energy. (Yamada, et al. 2011) proposed a paper about computationally sufficient dimension reduction via squared-loss mutual information. The purpose of Sufficient Dimension Reduction (SDR) is to find a low dimensional expression of input features that is sufficient for predicting output values. (Yamada, et al. 2011) proposed a sufficient component analysis for SDR. In this research, they proposed a novel distribution free SDR method called Sufficient Component Analysis (SCA), which is computationally more efficient than existing methods. (Chen and Lin 2012) proposed a paper about feature aware Label Space Dimension Reduction (LSDR) for multi-label classification. LSDR is an efficient and effective paradigm for multi-label classification with many classes. (Brahma 2012) suggested a study of algorithms for dimensionality reduction. Dimensionality reduction refers to the problems associated with multivariate data analysis as the dimensionality increases. There are huge mathematical challenges has to be encountered with high dimensional datasets. (Zhang, et al. 2013) proposed a framework to inject the information of strong views into weak ones. Many real applications involve more than one modal of data and abundant data with multiple views are at hand. Traditional dimensionality reduction methods can be classified into supervised or unsupervised, depending on whether the label information is used or not. (Danubianu and Pentiuc 2013) proposed a paper about data dimensionality reduction framework for data mining. The high dimensionality of data can cause also data overload, and make some data mining algorithms non applicable. Data mining involves the application of algorithms able to detect patterns or rules with a specific means from large amounts of data, and represents one step in knowledge discovery in database process. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OBJECTIVES Generallydimension reduction is the process of reduction of concentrated random variable where it can be divided into feature selection and feature extraction. The dimension of the data depends on the number of variables that are measured on each investigation. While scrutinizing the statistical records data accumulated in an exceptional speed, so dimensionality reduction is an adequate approach for diluting the data. While working with this reduced representation, tasks such as clustering or classification can often yield more accurate and readily illustratable results, further the computational costs may also be greatly diminished. A different algorithm called Principal Pattern Analysis (PPA) is presented in this research. Hereby the desire of dimension reduction is enclosed. The description of a diminished set of features. For a count of learning algorithms, the training and classification times increase precisely with the number of features. Noisy or inappropriate features can have the same influence on the classification as predictive features, so they will impact negatively on accuracy. SCOPE The scope of this research is to present an ensemble approach for dimensionality reduction along with pattern classification. Dimensionality reduction is the process of reduction the high dimensional data i.e., having the large features in the datasets which contain the complicated data. The usage of this dimensionality reduction process yields many useful and effective results over the process in mining. The former used many techniques to overcome this dimensionality reduction problem but they are having certain drawbacks to it. The dimensional reduction technique enriches the execution time and yields the optimized result for the high dimensional data. So, the analysis states that before going for any clustering process, it is suggested for a dimensional reduction process of the high dimensional datasets. As in the case of dimensionality reduction, there are chances of missing the instruction. So the approach which is used to diminish the dimensions should be more corresponding to the whole datasets. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The scope of this research is to present an ensemble approach for dimensionality reduction along with the pattern classification. Problems on analyzing High Dimensional Data are, Curse of dimensionality Some important factors are missed Result is not accurate Result is having noise. In order to mine the surplus data besides estimating gold nugget (decisions) from data involves several data mining techniques. Generally the dimension reduction is the process of reduction of concentrated random variables where it can be divided into feature selection and feature extraction. PRINCIPAL PATTERN ANALYSIS The Principal Component Analysis decides the weightage of the respective dimension of a database. It is required to reduce the dimension of the data (having less features) in order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of data analysis. Traditional statistical methods partly calls off due to the increase in the number of observations, but mainly because of the increase in number of variables associated with each observation. As a consequence an ideal technique called Principal Pattern Analysis (PPA) is developed which encapsulates feature extraction and feature categorization. Initially it applies Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to extract Eigen vectors similarly to prove pattern categorization theorem the corresponding patterns are segregated. The major difference between the PCA and PPA is the construction of the covariance matric. PPA algorithm for the dimensionality reduction along with the pattern classification has been introduced. The step by step procedure has been given as follows: Compute the column vectors such that each column is with M rows. Locate the column vectors into single matrix X of which each column has M x N dimensions. The empirical mean EX is computed for M x N dimensional matrix. Subsequently the correlation matric Cx is computed for M x N matrix. Consequently the Eigen values and Eigen vectors are calculated for X. By interrupting the estimated results, the PPA algorithm persists by proving the Pattern Analysis theorem. FEATURE EXTRACTION Feature extraction is an exception form of dimensionality reduction. It is needed when the input data for an algorithm is too large to be processed and it is suspected to be notoriously redundant then the input data will be transformed into a reduced representation set of features. By the way of explanation transforming the input data into the set of features is called feature extraction. It is expected that the feature set will extract the relevant information from the input data in order to perform the desired task using the reduced information of the full size input. ESSENTIAL STATISTICS MEASURES CORRELATION MATRIX A correlation matrix is used for pointing the simple correlation r, among all possible pairs of variables included in the analysis; also it is a lower triangle matrix. The diagonal elements are usually omitted. BARTLETT’S TEST OF SPHERICIY Bartlett’s test of Sphericity is a test statistic used to examine the hypothesis that the variables are uncorrelated in the population. In other words, the population correlation matric is an identity matrix; each variable correlates perfectly with itself but has no correlation with the other variables. KAISER MEYER OLKIN (KMO) KMO is a measure of sampling adequacy, which is an index. It is applied with the aim of examining the appropriateness of factor/Principal Component Analysis (PCA). High values indicate that factor analysis benefits and their value below 0.5 imply that factor suitable may not be suitable. 4.3.4MULTI-LEVEL MAHALANOBIS-BASED DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION (MMDR) Multi-level Mahalanobis-based Dimensionality Reduction (MMDR), which is able to reduce the number of dimensions while keeping the precision high and able to effectively handle large datasets. MERITS OF PPA The advantages of PPA over PCA are, Important features are not missed. Error approximation rate is also very less. It can be applied to high dimensional dataset. Moreover, features are extracted successfully which also gives a pattern categorization. CRITERION BASED TWO DIMENSIOANL PROTEIN FOLDING USING EXTENDED GA Extensively, protein folding is the method by which a protein structure deduces its functional conformation. Proteins are folded and held bonded by several forms of molecular interactions. Those interactions include the thermodynamic constancy of the complex structure, hydrophobic interactions and the disulphide binders that are formed in proteins. Folding of protein is an intricate and abstruse mechanism. While solving protein folding prediction, the proposed work incorporates Extended Genetic Algorithm with Concealed Markov Model (CMM). The proposed approach incorporates multiple techniques to achieve the goal of protein folding. The steps are, Modified Bayesian Classification Concealed Markov Model (CMM) Criterion based optimization Extended Genetic Algorithm (EGA). 4.4.1MODIFIED BAYESIAN CLASSIFICATION Modified Bayesian classification method is used grouping of protein sequence into its related domains such as Myoglobin, T4-Lysozyme and H-RAS etc. In Bayesian classification, data is defined by the probability distribution. Probability is calculated that the data element ‘A’ is a member of classes C, where C = {C1, C2 †¦ CN}. (1) Where, Pc(A) is given as the density of the class C evaluated at each data element.

Rejection and Isolation in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Essa

As James Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man unfolds, the central theme of isolation and rejection becomes evident. From birth to adolescence, the protagonist of the story, Stephen Dedalus, responds to his experiences throughout life with actions of rejection and isolation. He rebels against his environment and isolates himself in schoolwork, family, religion and his art, successively. James Joyce uses Stephen Dedalus' responses of isolation and rejection to illustrate the journey that the artist must take to achieve adulthood. Even as a young boy, Stephen experienced rejection and isolation at school. On the playground Stephen "felt his body [too] small and weak amid the [other] players" (Joyce 8). His schoolmates even poked fun at his name. In response to his rejection by the other boys Stephen makes a conscious decision to "[keep] on the fringe of his line, out of sight of his prefect" and the other boys. Stephen is later depicted as choosing the "warm study hall" rather than the playground with his friends outside (Joyce 10). His rejection at school leads him to isolate himself in his schoolwork, thus putting himself on a scholarly path that will give him the intellectual skills necessary for the artist within him to achieve adulthood. In his later years at school, Stephen's isolates himself through his "relationship to authority [and conformity] and his rebellion against it" (Ryf 27). In the classroom Stephen is "pandied" (beaten with a cane) and accused of being a "lazy little schemer" by a Jesuit priest for not completing his homework due to his broken glasses (Joyce 50). In rebellion, Stephen reports the injustice to the rector only to later discover that the rector took th... ...g above the waves and slowly climbing the air? a prophecy of the end he had been born to serve and had been following through the mists of childhood and boyhood, a symbol of the artist forging anew in his workshop out of the sluggish matter of the earth a new soaring imperishable being" (Joyce 169). Stephen breaks with his past to achieve adulthood and an unrestricted artistic vision that allows him to connect to the world that he had rejected. Works Cited: Joyce, James, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The Viking Press: New York, 1916. Ryf, Robert S., A New Approach to Joyce. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1962. Works Consulted: Connely, Thomas E., Joyce's Portrait Criticisms and Critiques. Meredith Publishing Company: New York, 1962. Litz, A.. Walton, James Joyce. Twayne Publishers: New York, 1966.

Overpopulation causes Essay

Overpopulation has become a knotting question that both developing countries and industrialized ones have to cope up. This phenomenon leads to some impacts on society namely the unemployment condition and the poverty, which requires an exact policy such as birthrate control from the authority. My essay will illustrate the items mentioned above in details. To begin with, the unemployment occurs to all countries in the world with no exception. The root of this situation is the universal increase in inhabitants, of which the number is rising everyday. It results in the fact that there is not enough occupation for people at the working ages. For instance, thousands of students graduate from universities and colleges annually. Yet, the vacancies in companies and offices are limited, which does not come to labour’s expectations.The managers can not accept so many employees at the same time and certainly, the rest of these applicants will be out of work. Following this, poverty is an indispensable issue as well. This mainly takes place in some areas of the nation. It is the consequence of lack of supply for daily life. Admittedly, a family which has more than five members contributes a difficulty to public. To illustrate, the leaders of a family are parents, whose jobs are official workers. When the income they take is too low, there are a lot of expenses like bills, schooling fees for children and food they have to pay..And due to this, they can not afford all. To overcome the overpopulation, governments have found some effective strategies, one of which is family planning. this policy has been put into practice for many years and shown a turnaround. Its primary content is helping the couple plan having children by using birth control. In conclusion, although the growth of population is continuing, we can expect an optimistic future thanks to the efforts all the governments have made. Once we find the right way to reduce the bad influence of overpopulation, our difficult problems will soon be resolved.

Clint Schaff (LA Times)

Why Marketers Should Think Like Publishers w/ Clint Schaff (LA Times) How do you create content? Plan for it? Identify what will resonate with your audience? Marketers need to think of themselves as content producers and publishers. They’re all trying to come up with a story that has an angle and narrative to provide insight or leadership. Today, we’re talking to Clint Schaff, vice president of strategy and research at the Los Angeles Times. Clint is a dynamic marketer and journalist who offers his perspective on marketers as content creators and publishers, and journalists and media storytellers as marketers. He shares processes around content planning, creation, and promotion. Doing social good by transforming relationships between consumers and brands; content creation is meant to serve an advocacy for communications Content to cover involves complicated collaboration, stories consistent with brand, and commercial viability Feedback from influencers and data on your audience help determine content Editorial calendar serves as a way to plan and manage content Return on investment (ROI) and generating revenue from content Create unique, exclusive content experiences through experimentation Leverage different mediums and promote content through social media, paid advertising, and other ways to get more content and generate attention Write weekly summary of what you did and what you’re going to do to make sure everyone on your team is moving in the same direction Be a better marketer by making a list of the most surprising things you could do to move toward your objective Links: Los Angeles Times Dirty John Podcast Chartbeat LA Times Festival of the Books What topics and guests do you want on the Actionable Marketing Podcast? Send me your suggestions! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Clint Schaff: â€Å"It’s about content creation that’s meant to serve an advocacy for something. Advocacy for communications, whether that’d be for a brand or a cause or an idea or story.† â€Å"If you create amazing, impeccable journalism, but no one reads it, and you haven’t figured out how to meet a need in the market, well, that’s not a very good business.† â€Å"Our whole brand is based on credibility and trust.† â€Å"We’re turning on the dials, trying every possible way to get eyeballs on our content that people need to see.†

The eNotes Blog Teachers Corner Helping Students Understand and Appreciate CulturalDiversity

Teachers Corner Helping Students Understand and Appreciate CulturalDiversity The world has been getting smaller for some time. It now seems to be shrinking at warp speed, rapidly erasing the last vestiges of cultural isolation. Never has it been more important to understand other cultures and to recognize and appreciate cultural diversity. Fortunately, in preparing kids to live and work in the even smaller world they will inherit, there’s much that can be done in the classroom to promote cultural awareness and to help them understand people whose cultural heritage is different from their own. How a classroom looks communicates ideas and shapes students’ perceptions of the world. If a picture is worth a thousand words, then a collection of pictures that reflect cultural diversity communicates the idea that the world is made up of many different cultures, each one unique in its own ways. Displaying multicultural bulletin boards of people, places, and customs sends the message that all cultures are interesting and worthy of attention. Many color photos of multicultural bulletin boards (K-12) can be found online, good examples of teaching without saying a word. Respecting and appreciating cultural diversity can be taught by modeling. When teachers recognize and appreciate diversity among their students, their actions indicate clearly that cultural differences should be respected and explored, not ignored or rejected, so that we can better understand ourselves and others. They send the message that it’s good we’re not all the same. Some ways to make the point: Show an interest in students’ names. Besides making sure to pronounce them correctly, express an interest in the etymology and cultural significance of their names. When working with ESL students, use an online translation site to write occasional notes or make comments on their papers in their own language. Regardless of what the note or comment might say, it’s the underlying message that’s important: Your language and your culture are valued. Give kids opportunities to explore their ethnic backgrounds and the cultures that make up their heritage. A few activities that would allow them to do it: interviewing parents, grandparents, and other relatives familiar with family history researching the history of a family surname making a family tree researching a country of family origin (the language, food, music, holidays, traditions, shared beliefs and values, social norms, or whatever else they want to find out) creating posters or PowerPoint presentations that reflect what they have learned through their research writing about the cultural traditions observed in their own families Have students share their findings with one another so that they can develop a greater understanding and appreciation of the diversity that exists among their friends and classmates. Lessons with opportunities for students to read and write about other cultures promote understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity. There are hundreds of age-appropriate multicultural books and stories for elementary students, including multicultural folk tales and legends. For secondary students, many novels, short stories, and poems famous in world literature reflect the cultures of different countries. For students of any age, literature that draws them into cultures different from their own fosters their understanding that although we are not all alike in national origin and cultural heritage, we are united by universal feelings, conflicts, and experiences that transcend our differences. Participating in the traditions of different countries is fun and constructive. A quick internet search produces dozens of class activities that allow kids to learn more about different countries and to enjoy participating in some of their traditions. A few examples: Have students research some common phrases in different languages (please, thank you, you’re welcome, pardon me, etc.) and use them in class for several days. Acquaint students with an unusual game that’s popular in another country, and play it as a class activity. Organize students into teams to create a cookbook with several traditional recipes from another country and illustrated with pictures or drawings that reflect the culture. Have the kids share their cookbooks with other teams. If possible, prepare and sample some of the dishes in class. Have students work in teams to research the music of a different culture and lead the class in a song that represents it. Recognize holidays celebrated in different countries throughout the year, and observe them with holiday class activities; dozens of them are described in many online sites designed for teachers. Helping students understand and appreciate cultural diversity benefits them now, as well as in the future. Learning about different cultures around the world makes it easier for kids to understand and relate to the family next door or down the block that speaks a different language or follows the customs of a different heritage. It makes it possible to forge relationships at school and in the community with those unlike themselves, because they’re learning that despite people’s differences, they have much in common to share. Most important, understanding cultural diversity illuminates and underscores an essential truth about humanity: The whole really is greater than the sum of its parts. This is a guest post from Staff Writer, Susan Hurn. Susan is a former high school English teacher and college instructor. She loves writing for and also enjoys good books, creative writing, and all things related to history.  Let us know if you’re interested in contributing to the   blog.

The impact of computer system has had on McDonalds fast food resturant Essay

The impact of computer system has had on McDonalds fast food resturant - Essay Example McDonalds got us to throw away our trash and banks converted us from using tellers to ATM's. Retail customers are increasingly choosing to serve themselves. Kiosks are becoming common. Customers can determine/verify product pricing, view on-line promotions and advertising, locate products, and access frequent shopper program information. With kiosks, customers can view a much wider assortment of merchandise than can be accommodated on the sales floor. Retailers can offer more colors, sizes, flavors and options. Kiosks allow for offering complementary products to standard store offerings. Customers can also quickly find what they want. The retailer can provide additional product information - including specifications, price comparisons and product reviews. Customers can perform transactions such as buying a gift card or applying for a credit card on a kiosk. Handheld computers can read barcodes on products in the store, and calculate a running total of the bill as customers shop. More customers can be served quicker by fewer people when self-checkout systems are implemented, resulting in a long-term cost savings. Self-checkout is an example of how technology has increased margins for retailers."3 Currently McDonalds is testing the use of new technologies such as RFID and barcode-selling in some countries. For example, in South Korea, customers can buy their food through their cell phones which rings when the order is ready4 but it is said that "this trial is much more an RFID effort than a traditional mobile experiment. Most of the phone's communications capabilities and its display are barely used, with customers having to download a McDonalds application into their phone."5 However the system works easily for the people with compatible cell phones. "At each table, there is an RFID reader and a menu that has built-in RFID chips. Customers plug the reader into their mobile phones and point them at the item on the menu that they wish to eat or drink. The bill is charged through the mobile phone. When the meal is ready, the system sends a short message to the phone so the customer can pick up the ready tray at a designated counter."6 In order for McDonalds to implement a secure RFID and barcode system, they consider all the security measurements for these technologies. "There are a number of fundamental design features necessary in automatic data collection systems and good database design."7 "Not surprisingly, FRIDs poor system design, whether capturing RFID tag information, bar code information or keyboard-entered data will create vulnerabilities."8 In other words, initial RFID is a system with weaknesses and in order to use this system, McDonalds needs to resolve some security issues. Researchers state that "RFID systems as a whole are often treated with suspicion, but the input data received from individual RFID tags is implicitly trusted."9 Viruses and worms are known threats that can influence these systems with ease. Currently McDonalds is cooperating with security companies to provide maximum security tools and protocols to